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A reignited debate over the cell(s) of origin for glioblastoma and its clinical implications

Xiaolin Fan, Yanzhen Xiong, Yuan Wang

《医学前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第5期页码 531-539 doi: 10.1007/s11684-019-0700-1

摘要： Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary neoplasm in the central nervous system. Despite intensive treatment, the prognosis for patients with GBM remains poor, with a median survival of 14−16 months. 90% of GBMs are primary GBMs that are full-blown at diagnosis without evidences of a pre-existing less-malignant precursor lesion. Therefore, identification of the cell(s) of origin for GBM—the normal cell or cell type that acquires the initial GBM-promoting genetic hit(s)—is the key to the understanding of the disease etiology and the development of novel therapies. Neural stem cells and oligodendrocyte precursor cells are the two major candidates for the cell(s) of origin for GBM. Latest data from human samples have reignited the longstanding debate over which cells are the clinically more relevant origin for GBMs. By critically analyzing evidences for or against the candidacy of each cell type, we highlight the most recent progress and debate in the field, explore the clinical implications, and propose future directions toward early diagnosis and preventive treatment of GBMs.

关键词： glioblastoma cell(s) of origin neural stem cells oligodendrocyte precursor cells subventricular zone early diagnosis

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Immunohistochemical characterization of hepatic stem cell-related cells in developing human liver

XU Jun, HU Yong, WANG Jian, ZHANG Taiping, ZHOU Ji, YU Hongyu

《医学前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第3期页码 264-268 doi: 10.1007/s11684-007-0050-2

摘要： Little is known about the expression characteristics of the various kinds of possible markers in hepatic stem cells (HSCs) and other HSC-related cells in human fetal liver in various developmental stages. It is significant to investigate the immunohistochemical expression for better understanding of the origin, differentiation and migration of HSCs in the developing human liver. H-E staining and immunohistochemical methods were used to observe the expression of hepatic/cholangiocellular differentiation markers (AFP, GST-, CK7, CK19) and hematopoietic stem cell markers (CD34 and c-kit) in several kinds of HSC-related cells in thirty cases of fetal liver samples (4–35 weeks after pregnancy). AFP expression appears in fetal hepatocytes at four weeks’ gestation. It peaks at 16–24 weeks’ gestation and decreases gradually afterwards. Finally, weak signals were only found in some ductal plate cells and a few limiting plate cells. GST- was detected in hepatic cord cells from the sixth week and in the ductal plate cells from the eighth week. Twenty-six weeks later, only some ductal plate cells and a few limiting plate cells show positive signals. CK19 expression peaks during the 6th–11th weeks in hepatic cord cells and decreases gradually afterwards, except for the ductal plates. CK7 expression was limited in the ductal plate cells and bile ducts cells from the 14th week. CD34 and c-kit were detected at the eighth week in some ductal plate cells and a few mononuclear cells in the hepatic cords/mesenchymal tissue of portal areas. After 21 weeks, CD34 and c-kit were found only in ductal plate cells and a few mononuclear cells in the hepatic mesenchymal tissue of portal areas. Fetal hepatocytes at 4–16 weeks’ gestation are mainly constituted by HSCs characterized with bi-potential differentiation capacity. At 16 weeks’ gestation, most hepatic cord cells begin to differentiate into hepatocytes and abundant HSCs remain in ductal plate (the origin site of Hering canals). It is also indicated that the hematopoietic stem cells may give rise to some HSCs in embryonic liver. These indirectly support the hypothesis about the location and origin of HSCs in liver valley hypothesis reported previously.

关键词： origin Little mesenchymal tissue cords/mesenchymal tissue CD34

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In quest of the origin of ancient northern city of China: An implication from the Book of Odes

DAI Fudong

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第4期页码 389-392 doi: 10.1007/s11709-007-0052-9

摘要： Sorting out some paragraphs in (collection of the earliest poetry in China), this paper makes analysis of the formation, construction process and technology of the ancient northern city of China. Relevan

关键词： analysis construction formation collection paragraphs

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Anion-exchange membrane direct ethanol fuel cells: Status and perspective

T.S. Zhao, Y.S. Li, S.Y. Shen

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第4期页码 443-458 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0127-5

摘要： Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) are a promising carbon-neutral and sustainable power source for portable, mobile, and stationary applications. However, conventional DEFCs that use acid proton-exchange membranes (typically Nafion type) and platinum-based catalysts exhibit low performance (i.e., the state-of-the-art peak power density is 79.5 mW/cm at 90°C). Anion-exchange membrane (AEM) DEFCs that use low-cost AEM and non-platinum catalysts have recently been demonstrated to yield a much better performance (i.e., the state-of-the-art peak power density is 160 mW/cm at 80°C). This paper provides a comprehensive review of past research on the development of AEM DEFCs, including the aspects of catalysts, AEMs, and single-cell design and performance. Current and future research challenges are identified along with potential strategies to overcome them.

关键词： fuel cell direct ethanol fuel cells anion-exchange membrane ethanol oxidation reaction oxygen reduction reaction cell performance

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Russian school of the theory and geometry of gearing: Its origin and golden period (1935 --1975)

Dmitry BABICHEV,Sergey LAGUTIN,Natalya BARMINA

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第11卷第1期页码 44-59 doi: 10.1007/s11465-015-0360-z

摘要：

During the second half of the twentieth century, Soviet scientists were among the world leaders in the theory and geometry of gearing or the theoretical fundamentals of designing gears and gear-cutting tools. The authors of the current paper review works related to the development of the theory of gearing (TG) written in Russian from the mid-1930s to the present. Overall, the review covers more than 400 publications of nearly 200 authors (among more than 1000 studied works). This review involves some works on gear strength and accuracy to attract more experts.

This paper presents a short list of works from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth century and discusses the basic concepts of the TG. This paper also includes a review of more than 160 papers in Russian for the period of 1935–1975, which is the “golden age” of the TG. The main features and achievements during this period are also considered.

The distinctive feature of this review is the use of diagrams that visually present TG experts and the dates and themes of their published works. The diagrams also show the following aspects: 1) The most popular and important themes in a specific period, 2) the most important publications on the themes of interest to readers, and 3) the direction of the works and scope of interests of every researcher.

关键词： theory of gearing (TG) gear geometry generating surface gear synthesis gear analysis

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Molecular markers and pathogenically targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer

Bo PENG BA , Jinnong ZHANG MD , Jamile S. WOODS MD , Wei PENG MD, PhD

《医学前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第3期页码 245-255 doi: 10.1007/s11684-009-0044-3

摘要： Lung cancer is one of the most common human cancers and the number one cancer killer in the United States. In general, lung cancer includes small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but NSCLC accounts for approximately 90% of lung cancer. The early diagnosis and therapy of lung cancer still presents a big challenge because validated screening tools, which can improve current early detection to reduce mortality from lung cancer, do not exist. Over the last decade, molecular genetic abnormalities have been described in NSCLC, including chromosomal aberrations, overexpression of oncogenes, and deletion and/or mutations in tumor suppressor genes. These molecular markers in NSCLC demonstrated close associations with the development of lung cancer such as Ras, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, or c-erbB-1), HER2 (c-erbB-2), c-Met, and Bcl-2. Therefore, this information may be applied for early cancer detection, classification, novel targeted therapy, and prognosis in NSCLC. Recent clinical data have revealed that targeted therapy might be the second-line therapy as an alternative approach. Currently, the targeted therapies are mainly focused on two lung cancer pathways, the EGFR and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathways. Some clinical trials are very encouraging, but some of them are not. However, these trials have not identified a subgroup of NSCLC with biomarkers. Therefore, it is very important to select NSCLC patients with biomarkers to match targeted agents so that we can further identify effectiveness of targeted therapy in the future.

关键词： lung cancer carcinoma non-small cell lung cancer molecular markers targeted therapy

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Orderly decorated nanostructural photoelectrodes with uniform spherical TiO

Bakhshayesh,S. S. Azadfar

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第4期页码 532-540 doi: 10.1007/s11705-015-1549-8

摘要： This study presents a novel nanostructural electrode made of 20-nm-diameter nanoparticles, which orderly decorated with 2-µm TiO particles, deposited by a new gel process. The decorated electrode (DE) is better than the non-decorated electrode (NE) in both light scattering and light harvesting, as confirmed by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction reveals that both electrodes have a mixture of anatase and rutile phases. The dye-sensitized solar cell based on the decorated electrode shows the highest power conversion efficiency of 7.80% as a result of less recombination demonstrated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. From internal power conversion efficiency measurement, the external quantum efficiency of DE cell at 530 nm is 89%, which is higher than that of NE cell (77%).

关键词： dye-sensitized solar cell uniform particles TiO₂ gel process light harvesting

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The Origin and System Analysis of Harmonious Management for Engineering

Mao-guang Lin,Qian-kun Wang,Hua-tao Peng,Yu-dong Wang

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第3期页码 241-248 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015040

摘要： Engineering is a production activity aimed at increasing people’s utility; however, serious crises are frequently reported to be caused by engineering constructions, both for nature and human beings. Based on engineering theories of philosophy, systems and ecology, this paper analyzed the prevailing defects of traditional project management approaches, explored the importance of harmony in engineering and engineering management, and discussed the developmental inevitability, concept connotation and system structure of harmonious management for engineering.

关键词： engineering harmony management

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光照世界史坛的中医起源之谜

符友丰

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第9期页码 1-12

摘要：

以疫病流行及其原型分析为线索，联系早期治法（如热熨、火灸、砭刺等）探讨了古代以腺鼠疫为代表的疫病流行与医学起源间的内在联系；以医源于疫的视野分析我国医史病史研究在出土文物、古文字和医学文献等方面丰富的信息资源与优势；分析解读疾病名实的古今变迁、比较中西医学及其在认识论与方法论上的差异，为审视我国传统医学在疫病防治方面的丰富经验与延至今日的独到成就与意义，疾病史研究成果与推广，实现古为今用，将为当今疫病防治的中西互补、中西医结合与比较提供宝贵的历史经验与借鉴。

关键词：世界医学史中医史医学起源鼠疫霍乱天花比较医学

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GTEM Cell斧形过渡块侧边曲线方程的算法

周旭

《中国工程科学》 2003年第5卷第9期页码 36-38

摘要：

为便于加工，以往的吉赫兹横电磁波传输室(GTEM Cell)过渡接头中斧形过渡块均采用近似设计，即侧边取直线。这样做的结果是传输损耗曲线在过渡段的分布不理想。

关键词：吉赫兹横电磁波传输室(GTEM Cell) 斧形过渡块侧边曲线方程阻抗匹配

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activated rapid addition and mitochondrial targeting ratiometric fluorescent probes for in vivo cellH₂S imaging

Yan Shi, Fangjun Huo, Yongkang Yue, Caixia Yin

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第1期页码 64-71 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2048-8

摘要： Heterocyclic compound quinoline and its derivatives exist in natural compounds and have a broad spectrum of biological activity. They play an important role in the design of new structural entities for medical applications. Similarly, indoles and their derivatives are found widely in nature. Amino acids, alkaloids and auxin are all derivatives of indoles, as are dyes, and their condensation with aldehydes makes it easy to construct reaction sites for nucleophilic addition agents. In this work, we combine these two groups organically to construct a rapid response site (within 30 s) for H S, and at the same time, a ratiometric fluorescence response is presented throughout the process of H S detection. As such, the lower detection limit can reach 55.7 nmol/L for H S. In addition, cell imaging shows that this probe can be used for the mitochondrial targeted detection of endogenous and exogenous H S. Finally, this probe application was verified by imaging H S in nude mice.

关键词： heterocyclic compound hydrogen sulfide ratiometric mitochondrial targeted

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From SARS to MERS: evidence and speculation

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第4期页码 377-382 doi: 10.1007/s11684-016-0466-7

摘要：

The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a novel zoonotic pathogen. In 2012, the infectious outbreak caused by MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia has spread to more than 1600 patients in 26 countries, resulting in over 600 deaths. Without a travel history, few clinical and radiological features can reliably differentiate MERS from SARS. But in real world, comparing with SARS, MERS presents more vaguely defined epidemiology, more severe symptoms, and higher case fatality rate. In this review, we summarize the recent findings in the field of MERS-CoV, especially its molecular virology, interspecies mechanisms, clinical features, antiviral therapies, and the further investigation into this disease. As a newly emerging virus, many questions are not fully answered, including the exact mode of transmission chain, geographical distribution, and animal origins. Furthermore, a new protocol needs to be launched to rapidly evaluate the effects of unproven antiviral drugs and vaccine to fasten the clinical application of new drugs.

关键词： middle east respiratory syndrome animal origin cross-species transmission monoclonal antibody

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工程和谐管理的源起与系统分析

林茂光,王乾坤,彭华涛,王予东

《中国工程科学》 2014年第16卷第10期页码 15-21

摘要：

工程是以人的使用为目的的造物活动，人造的各种“工程”已经带来了自然环境及人类自身的严重危机。通过对工程及工程管理和谐性需求剖析，特别是工程管理发展阶段与工程项目管理缺陷性分析，基于工程哲学、工程系统、工程生态等思想，论述了工程和谐管理的发展必然性、概念内涵及其系统架构。

关键词：工程和谐管理

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Static analysis of corrugated panels using homogenization models and a cell-based smoothed mindlin plate

Nhan NGUYEN-MINH, Nha TRAN-VAN, Thang BUI-XUAN, Trung NGUYEN-THOI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 251-272 doi: 10.1007/s11709-017-0456-0

摘要： Homogenization is a promising approach to capture the behavior of complex structures like corrugated panels. It enables us to replace high-cost shell models with stiffness-equivalent orthotropic plate alternatives. Many homogenization models for corrugated panels of different shapes have been proposed. However, there is a lack of investigations for verifying their accuracy and reliability. In addition, in the recent trend of development of smoothed finite element methods, the cell-based smoothed three-node Mindlin plate element (CS-MIN3) based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) has been proposed and successfully applied to many analyses of plate and shell structures. Thus, this paper further extends the CS-MIN3 by integrating itself with homogenization models to give homogenization methods. In these methods, the equivalent extensional, bending, and transverse shear stiffness components which constitute the equivalent orthotropic plate models are represented in explicit analytical expressions. Using the results of ANSYS and ABAQUS shell simulations as references, some numerical examples are conducted to verify the accuracy and reliability of the homogenization methods for static analyses of trapezoidally and sinusoidally corrugated panels.

关键词： homogenization corrugated panel asymptotic analysis smoothed finite element method (S-FEM) cell-based smoothed three-node Mindlin plate element (CS-MIN3)

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Modelling the dynamic response of a solid oxide steam electrolyser to transient inputs during renewable hydrogen production

BRANDON, Claire S. ADJIMAN,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第2期页码 211-222 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0037-6

摘要： Hydrogen is regarded as a leading candidate for alternative future fuels. Solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOEC) may provide a cost-effective and green route to hydrogen production especially when coupled to a source of renewable electrical energy. Developing an understanding of the response of the SOEC stack to transient events that may occur during its operation with intermittent electricity input is essential before the realisation of this technology. In this paper, a one-dimensional (1D) dynamic model of a planar SOEC stack has been employed to study the dynamic behaviour of such an SOEC and the prospect for stack temperature control through variation of the air flow rate. Step changes in the average current density from 1.0 to 0.75, 0.5 and 0.2 A/cm have been imposed on the stacks, replicating the situation in which changes in the supply of input electrical energy are experienced, or the sudden switch-off of the stack. Such simulations have been performed both for open-loop and closed-loop cases. The stack temperature and cell voltage are decreased by step changes in the average current density. Without temperature control via variation of the air flow rate, a sudden fall of the temperature and the cell potential occurs during all the step changes in average current density. The temperature excursions between the initial and final steady states are observed to be reduced by the manipulation of the air flow rate. Provided that the change in the average current density does not result in a transition from exothermic to endothermic operation of the SOEC, the use of the air flow rate to maintain a constant steady-state temperature is found to be successful.

关键词： hydrogen production renewable energy solid oxide electrolyser cell 1D dynamic model dynamic behaviour temperature control